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The Water Cooler
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Earthquakes in Edmond
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<blockquote data-quote="Hobbes" data-source="post: 2829876" data-attributes="member: 3371"><p>Abstract</p><p></p><p>In October 2014 two moderate-sized earthquakes (Mw 4.0 and 4.3) struck south of Cushing, Oklahoma, below the largest crude oil storage facility in the world. Combined analysis of the spatial distribution of earthquakes and regional moment tensor focal mechanisms indicate reactivation of a subsurface unnamed and unmapped left-lateral strike-slip fault. Coulomb failure stress change calculations using the relocated seismicity and slip distribution determined from regional moment tensors, allow for the possibility that the Wilzetta-Whitetail fault zone south of Cushing, Oklahoma, could produce a large, damaging earthquake comparable to the 2011 Prague event. Resultant very strong shaking levels (MMI VII) in the epicentral region present the possibility of this potential earthquake causing moderate to heavy damage to national strategic infrastructure and local communities.</p><p></p><p>Cushing, Oklahoma, is an area of concern because it is a major hub of the U.S. oil and gas pipeline transportation system that includes operational sections of the Keystone pipeline [<a href="https://www.npms.phmsa.dot.gov]" target="_blank">https://www.npms.phmsa.dot.gov]</a>. The earthquake sequence in October 2014 (Mw 4.0 and 4.3) reactivated a complex intersection of conjugate strike-slip structures within the Wilzetta-Whitetail fault zone, similar to the 2011 Prague, Oklahoma (Mw 5.6) earthquake sequence. To place constraints on the potential hazard of future earthquakes in the region, we examined the source characteristics of the October 2014 Cushing earthquake sequence and resultant Coulomb failure stress change (&#916;CFS).</p><p></p><p>The strong shaking (MMI VI) (Okalahoma Geological Survey, 2011, <a href="http://www.okgeosurvey1.gov/pages/earthquakes/information.php" target="_blank">http://www.okgeosurvey1.gov/pages/earthquakes/information.php</a>) felt during the October 2014 Cushing earthquake sequence led the Oklahoma Corporation Commission (OCC) to <span style="font-size: 15px">temporarily</span> close down several wastewater injection wells in the epicentral region. Minor damage was also reported throughout the city of Cushing including cracked plaster, broken window glass, and items thrown from shelves. The Mw 4.3 earthquake was widely felt up to 210&#8201;km north in Wichita, Kansas, and 240&#8201;km east in Fayettville, Arkansas. In November 2011, the same fault zone hosted a sequence of moderate-to-large, damaging earthquakes, near the town of Prague, which included the largest recorded earthquake in Oklahoma history (Mw 4.8, 5.6, and 4.8) [McNamara et al., 2015; Keranen et al., 2013]. Based on previous studies linking hydraulic fracturing [Holland, 2013a] and wastewater disposal [Keranen et al., 2014; Weingarten et al., 2015; Walsh and Zoback, 2015], to increased seismicity in central Oklahoma, a study of the changing earthquake hazard caused by the October 2014 Cushing sequence and its relationship to wastewater injection is important in order to understand potential damage to critical infrastructure in the region.</p><p></p><p><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015GL064669/full" target="_blank">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015GL064669/full</a></p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="Hobbes, post: 2829876, member: 3371"] Abstract In October 2014 two moderate-sized earthquakes (Mw 4.0 and 4.3) struck south of Cushing, Oklahoma, below the largest crude oil storage facility in the world. Combined analysis of the spatial distribution of earthquakes and regional moment tensor focal mechanisms indicate reactivation of a subsurface unnamed and unmapped left-lateral strike-slip fault. Coulomb failure stress change calculations using the relocated seismicity and slip distribution determined from regional moment tensors, allow for the possibility that the Wilzetta-Whitetail fault zone south of Cushing, Oklahoma, could produce a large, damaging earthquake comparable to the 2011 Prague event. Resultant very strong shaking levels (MMI VII) in the epicentral region present the possibility of this potential earthquake causing moderate to heavy damage to national strategic infrastructure and local communities. Cushing, Oklahoma, is an area of concern because it is a major hub of the U.S. oil and gas pipeline transportation system that includes operational sections of the Keystone pipeline [[url]https://www.npms.phmsa.dot.gov][/url]. The earthquake sequence in October 2014 (Mw 4.0 and 4.3) reactivated a complex intersection of conjugate strike-slip structures within the Wilzetta-Whitetail fault zone, similar to the 2011 Prague, Oklahoma (Mw 5.6) earthquake sequence. To place constraints on the potential hazard of future earthquakes in the region, we examined the source characteristics of the October 2014 Cushing earthquake sequence and resultant Coulomb failure stress change (ΔCFS). The strong shaking (MMI VI) (Okalahoma Geological Survey, 2011, [url]http://www.okgeosurvey1.gov/pages/earthquakes/information.php[/url]) felt during the October 2014 Cushing earthquake sequence led the Oklahoma Corporation Commission (OCC) to [SIZE=4]temporarily[/SIZE] close down several wastewater injection wells in the epicentral region. Minor damage was also reported throughout the city of Cushing including cracked plaster, broken window glass, and items thrown from shelves. The Mw 4.3 earthquake was widely felt up to 210 km north in Wichita, Kansas, and 240 km east in Fayettville, Arkansas. In November 2011, the same fault zone hosted a sequence of moderate-to-large, damaging earthquakes, near the town of Prague, which included the largest recorded earthquake in Oklahoma history (Mw 4.8, 5.6, and 4.8) [McNamara et al., 2015; Keranen et al., 2013]. Based on previous studies linking hydraulic fracturing [Holland, 2013a] and wastewater disposal [Keranen et al., 2014; Weingarten et al., 2015; Walsh and Zoback, 2015], to increased seismicity in central Oklahoma, a study of the changing earthquake hazard caused by the October 2014 Cushing sequence and its relationship to wastewater injection is important in order to understand potential damage to critical infrastructure in the region. [url]http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015GL064669/full[/url] [/QUOTE]
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