gotta respectfully disagree .. the paper above was published by UK gov. I've posted technical articles from a number of different sources. news articles fall under a different bar than technical white papers. I've provided actual evidence for each and every article posted. videos posted credibility are based upon reputation of speaker(s).
this is from the NIH technical white paper that I've posted several time since evidently no one has bothered to check it out. what I've been posting is dead on the money.
below shows mechanism of action of mRNA vaccines. which is why I've posted it to begin with.
apologies for all the repeat, it was purely to highlight okcbob's refusal to acknowledge the nature article he posted had nothing, zero to with what he claimed.
this technical white paper from NIH covers similar challenges facing pharma scientists.
which are problems with how fragile mRNA, etc. etc. below white paper predates Nature article and covers a slew of topics that got politically incorrect after C19. note Jan 28, 2020 date of article
hence why this technical paper included sections on mRNA "vaccine" is really not a vaccine and called it gene therapy.
everything above is from me typing from memory. now do you think it's possible for anyone to type everything above and NOT understand said technical white paper?
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from your post in above quote ..
"However, mRNA is often promulgated on the grounds of the popular
opinion that when using mRNA, unlike DNA, the stringent gene-therapy regulations are bypassed
because mRNA does not integrate into the host genome."
Do you know that sentence means in a "pseudoscientific" research article?
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gotta disagree above is pseudoscience .. if you read the rest of paragraph. it's calling mRNA "vaccine" gene therapy. this is from a peer review technical white paper on NIH. not claiming it's perfect, but far from pseudoscience. which again is really valuable due it's publish date predating C19 hysteria, when mRNA "vaccine" gene therapy was targeting cancer, infectious diseases, etc.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32013049/
https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/12/2/102/pdf
below is from page 8 of above pdf
Figure 1. Mechanism of action of mRNA vaccines. 1. The mRNA is in vitro transcribed (IVT) from a DNA template in a cell-free system. 2. IVT mRNA is subsequently transfected into dendritic cells (DCs) via (3) endocytosis. 4. Entrapped mRNA undergoes endosomal escape and is released into the cytosol. 5. Using the translational machinery of host cells (ribosomes), the mRNA is translated into antigenic proteins. The translated antigenic protein undergoes post-translational modification and can act in the cell where it is generated. 6. Alternatively, the protein is secreted from the host cell. 7. Antigen protein is degraded by the proteasome in the cytoplasm. The generated antigenic peptide epitopes are transported into the endoplasmic reticulum and loaded onto major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules (MHC I). 8. The loaded MHC I-peptide epitope complexes are presented on the surface of cells, eventually leading to the induction of antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses after T-cell receptor recognition and appropriate co-stimulation. 9. Exogenous proteins are taken up DCs. 10. They are degraded in endosomes and presented via the MHC II pathway. Moreover, to obtain cognate T-cell help in antigen-presenting cells, the protein should be routed through the MHC II pathway. 11. The generated antigenic peptide epitopes are subsequently loaded onto MHC II molecules. 12. The loaded MHC II-peptide epitope complexes are presented on the surface of cells, leading to the induction of the antigen-specific CD4+ T cell responses. Exogenous antigens can also be processed and loaded onto MHC class I molecules via a mechanism known as cross-presentation (not shown in the figure). The figure was created with BioRender.com.
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