(1.4) * (286.9 J/K kg) * (absolute temperature). Wow that clears up everything. I can tell you this, when I drive in the summer time(when the most bikes are on the road) with my windows up and a/c on full blast I don't hear any of them if they're not with in 20 foot of my vehicle and usually stopped at a light. Front strobes should be and are illegal as they blind everyone else on the road. The few accidents that I know of around here involving cars or trucks against motorcycles, the drivers just had their heads way up their asses and no pipes or strobes would have mad any difference. My truck is a 24 foot long Dodge 3/4 ton diesel and every now and again someone acts like they can't see that big ole truck and pulls out in front of me or cuts me off.